atomers

Atomers are discrete, sequence-defined macromolecules designed to behave like polymers but with a defined length and a precisely arranged sequence of repeating units. In contrast to conventional polymers, which exhibit broad molecular weight distributions and stochastic sequences, atomers are monodisperse and encode specific structural information into their constitution. This combination of defined architecture and polymer-like behavior makes atomers useful as model systems for studying structure–property relationships and as programmable components in complex assemblies.

Structure and properties

Atomers can be linear or branched and are built from repeating units linked by covalent bonds. The repeat units may be simple or contain functional groups, heteroatoms, or non-natural backbones to tailor properties such as solubility, rigidity, or binding affinity. Some atomers are designed to fold or adopt defined conformations, enabling predictable self-assembly into higher-order structures or responsive behavior under external stimuli.

Synthesis and characterization

The synthesis of atomers emphasizes precision and control over length and sequence. Approaches include solid-phase synthesis and iterative, stepwise growth, as well as adaptations of living polymerization techniques for short, well-defined chains. Characterization relies on high-resolution methods such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance to confirm sequence and length and to assess purity and structure.

Applications and outlook

The defined sequence of atomers enables exploration of fundamental polymer physics with exact architectures and enables potential applications in catalysis, sensing, molecular recognition, and nanomaterials. They are also used as components in supramolecular assemblies and, in some designs, as information carriers with encoded sequences. Ongoing challenges include scalable synthesis, purification, and robust, generalizable design principles.

See also: sequence-defined polymers, foldamers, oligomers, synthetic macromolecules.