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Asynchronous refers to a state or process that is not synchronized or does not occur at the same time. In computing, asynchronous operations allow a program to perform other tasks while waiting for a long-running operation to complete. This prevents the program from freezing or becoming unresponsive. For example, when a web browser downloads a file, it can continue to display the page content and allow user interaction while the download proceeds in the background.

Asynchronous programming models are commonly used in areas like network requests, file I/O, and user interface interactions. They typically involve mechanisms like callbacks, promises, or async/await syntax to manage the execution flow. The primary benefit of asynchronous operations is improved performance and responsiveness, especially in applications that handle multiple tasks concurrently or interact with external resources that may have unpredictable response times.

In a broader sense, asynchronous can describe anything that happens independently of a central timing mechanism. This can apply to various fields beyond computing, such as project management where tasks might progress at different paces or in telecommunications where messages are sent and received without strict real-time coordination. The core idea remains that of separate, non-simultaneous progression.