applescript

AppleScript is a scripting language developed by Apple Inc. for macOS that enables users to automate tasks by controlling scriptable applications and parts of the operating system through the Apple Events communication protocol. It is designed to be readable and writable by ordinary users and is commonly used to automate repetitive workflows, batch file handling, and application interoperability.

Programming style: AppleScript emphasizes English-like syntax and uses tell blocks, handlers, variables, and properties. Scripts interact with applications by consulting their dictionaries, which describe the commands and objects the application can expose. When an application supports Apple Events, a script can issue commands such as opening documents, manipulating UI elements, or querying information.

History and tools: AppleScript was introduced by Apple in the early 1990s and has remained a core automation option in macOS. The primary editor is Script Editor; scripts can be run directly, saved as files, or embedded in Automator workflows or Calendar events. AppleScript can also be executed from the Terminal with the osascript command. Scripting additions (OSAX) extend functionality, and many applications publish their own AppleScript dictionaries.

Alternatives and scope: For automation tasks, macOS also supports Automator workflows and, more recently, the Shortcuts app, which provides a more visual automation approach. AppleScript’s cross-platform footprint is limited to macOS, though JavaScript for Automation (JXA) offers a JavaScript-based bridge to the same Apple Events. Despite gradual shifts toward newer automation tools, AppleScript remains in use for legacy and some complex workflows. Limitations include readability challenges, evolving app support, and occasional interoperability issues.