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Apnea is a medical condition characterized by repeated pauses in breathing during sleep. These pauses can last for several seconds to minutes and may occur multiple times per hour. The most common types of apnea are obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central sleep apnea (CSA), and complex sleep apnea syndrome (also known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea).

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the airway becomes partially or completely blocked during sleep, preventing air from flowing to the lungs. This blockage is often caused by the relaxation of throat muscles, which can be influenced by factors such as obesity, anatomical abnormalities, or alcohol consumption. Symptoms of OSA include loud snoring, gasping or choking during sleep, daytime fatigue, morning headaches, and difficulty concentrating.

Central sleep apnea arises when the brain fails to send proper signals to the muscles responsible for breathing. This type of apnea is less common and can be associated with conditions like heart failure, stroke, or certain medications. Symptoms are similar to OSA but may also include insomnia and shortness of breath.

Diagnosis of apnea typically involves a sleep study, or polysomnography, which monitors brain activity, breathing, and oxygen levels during sleep. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of apnea but may include lifestyle changes, such as weight loss or avoiding alcohol, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, oral appliances, or in some cases, surgical interventions.

Untreated apnea can lead to serious health complications, including high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. It may also contribute to daytime sleepiness, which increases the risk of accidents and impaired cognitive function. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential for managing symptoms and reducing long-term health risks.