CPAP

CPAP stands for continuous positive airway pressure. It is a noninvasive therapy primarily used to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by delivering a steady stream of air through a mask to keep the upper airway open during sleep. By maintaining positive pressure, CPAP helps prevent airway collapse that causes apnea and hypopnea events, improving oxygenation and sleep quality.

A CPAP setup typically includes a compact machine that generates a fixed pressure, a flexible hose, and a mask worn over the nose or nose and mouth. Some systems offer auto-adjusting pressure (APAP), which varies the pressure within a prescribed range based on detected airway resistance. Humidification may be added to reduce dryness and congestion. Masks come in several forms, including nasal pillows, nasal masks, and full-face masks, chosen based on comfort and breathing patterns.

Effectiveness varies with adherence. When used consistently, CPAP reduces the apnea-hypopnea index, improves daytime sleepiness, mood, and perceived quality of life, and may lower certain cardiovascular risks in some patients. Adherence is a common challenge; many people experience initial discomfort, mask leaks, nasal dryness, or skin irritation. Education, mask fitting, pressure adjustments, and addressing congestion can enhance tolerance and use.

Common considerations include potential side effects (nasal obstruction, dryness, sinuses, facial pressure), the importance of regular device cleaning, and follow-up with a clinician to optimize pressure settings and mask fit. CPAP devices have a history dating to the 1980s and remain a standard, first-line therapy for many individuals with OSA.