antipertensivos

Antipertensivos are medications used to lower high blood pressure (hypertension), a condition that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. These drugs act through various mechanisms to reduce vascular resistance, decrease cardiac output, or both, thereby helping to maintain blood pressure within normal ranges.

There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs, each with specific indications and mechanisms of action. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as enalapril and lisinopril, block the formation of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, leading to vasodilation. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), like losartan, inhibit the action of angiotensin II on its receptors. Calcium channel blockers, such as amlodipine, relax vascular smooth muscle by inhibiting calcium influx, reducing vascular resistance.

Diuretics, including thiazides like hydrochlorothiazide, promote the excretion of sodium and water, decreasing blood volume and pressure. Beta-blockers, such as atenolol, reduce cardiac output by decreasing heart rate and contractility. Other agents include centrally acting agents like clonidine and vasodilators like hydralazine.

The selection of an antihypertensive agent depends on patient-specific factors, including age, comorbidities, ethnicity, and the severity of hypertension. Often, combination therapy is employed to achieve optimal blood pressure control.

While generally effective, antipertensivos may cause side effects such as cough, hypotension, electrolyte imbalances, or renal impairment. Adherence to therapy and lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, are critical components of hypertension management. Regular monitoring is essential to assess efficacy and adjust treatment as needed.