antihelminthes

Antihelminthics, also known as anthelmintics, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to treat parasitic worm infections, collectively referred to as helminthiases. These infections can affect humans and animals, causing a range of symptoms depending on the type of worm involved, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, malnutrition, and, in severe cases, life-threatening complications.

Helminths are classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). Antihelminthics target specific physiological processes in these parasites to disrupt their survival and reproduction. For example, benzimidazoles, such as albendazole and mebendazole, inhibit the polymerization of tubulin in helminth cells, leading to paralysis and death of the parasite. Praziquantel, commonly used against trematodes and cestodes, increases the permeability of the parasite’s cell membrane, causing muscle contraction and paralysis.

Commonly prescribed antihelminthics include albendazole for neurocysticercosis and hydatid disease, mebendazole for intestinal nematode infections, and praziquantel for schistosomiasis and tapeworm infections. Pyrantel pamoate is often used for ascariasis and enterobiasis, while ivermectin, derived from natural sources, is effective against a broad spectrum of nematodes, including onchocerciasis and strongyloidiasis.

Resistance to antihelminthics has become a growing concern, particularly in livestock and agricultural settings, necessitating the development of new treatment strategies and combination therapies. Proper diagnosis, adherence to prescribed regimens, and public health measures, such as sanitation and hygiene education, are crucial in controlling helminth infections. Antihelminthics are generally well-tolerated, but side effects such as nausea, abdominal pain, and allergic reactions may occur, particularly at higher doses. Close monitoring and medical supervision are recommended, especially in cases of severe or systemic infections.