ankilostomën

Ankylostomiasis, commonly known as hookworm infection, is a parasitic disease caused by hookworms belonging to the genus Ancylostoma. The two most common species that infect humans are Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. These nematodes inhabit the small intestine of their hosts.

The life cycle of hookworms involves an indirect transmission. Adult worms in the human intestine lay eggs that are passed in the feces. In warm, moist soil, these eggs hatch into free-living larvae. The larvae then develop into infectious filariform larvae, which can penetrate the skin of humans, typically through bare feet. Once inside the body, the larvae migrate through the bloodstream to the lungs, break into the alveoli, and ascend the respiratory tract to the pharynx. They are then swallowed and reach the small intestine, where they mature into adult worms and attach to the intestinal wall, feeding on blood.

The primary symptoms of ankylostomiasis are related to blood loss, leading to iron-deficiency anemia. This can manifest as fatigue, weakness, pallor, and in severe cases, impaired cognitive development and growth retardation, especially in children. A characteristic itchy rash, known as "ground itch," may develop at the site where the larvae penetrate the skin. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea can also occur.

Diagnosis is usually made by microscopic examination of stool samples for the presence of hookworm eggs. Treatment involves anthelminthic medications, such as albendazole or mebendazole, which are highly effective in clearing the infection. Preventive measures include proper sanitation, wearing shoes in endemic areas, and avoiding contact with contaminated soil.