angioödeeman

Angioödem is a localized swelling that occurs under the skin or in subcutaneous tissues, often affecting areas such as the face, lips, tongue, hands, feet, genitals, and gastrointestinal tract. It is typically characterized by rapid onset and can be painful or uncomfortable, depending on the affected area. Unlike typical allergic reactions, which primarily involve the skin, angioödem often affects deeper layers of tissue, leading to more pronounced swelling.

The condition can arise from various causes, including allergic reactions to medications, foods, insect stings, or environmental triggers. Non-allergic triggers may include hereditary factors, such as hereditary angioedema (HAE), which is caused by deficiencies in certain proteins like C1 inhibitor. Other potential causes include infections, autoimmune disorders, or certain medical treatments like angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.

Symptoms of angioödem typically develop within minutes to hours after exposure to a trigger and may include visible swelling, redness, warmth, or itching in the affected area. In severe cases, swelling of the throat or tongue can obstruct the airway, requiring immediate medical attention. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting, may also occur if the swelling affects internal tissues.

Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests to identify underlying causes. For hereditary angioedema, genetic testing may be performed. Treatment depends on the cause and severity of symptoms. Antihistamines may help in mild allergic reactions, while more severe cases may require epinephrine, corticosteroids, or specialized therapies like C1 inhibitor replacement or kallikrein inhibitors.

Prevention strategies include avoiding known triggers, such as specific foods or medications, and in cases of hereditary angioedema, proactive management with long-term therapies. Individuals with recurrent or severe angioödem should carry an emergency action plan and seek prompt medical advice to minimize complications.