android

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel. It is designed primarily for touchscreen devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android began as a project by Android Inc. and was acquired by Google in 2005; the first public release appeared in 2008. It is maintained as the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), which provides the core platform to manufacturers and developers while Google and others add proprietary services and apps.

Core components include the Linux kernel, the Android Runtime (ART) for executing apps, a set of native C/C++ libraries, the application framework, and the Dalvik/DEX runtime in earlier versions. Apps are primarily written in Java or Kotlin and run in a sandbox with a permissions model. The platform supports virtualization and security features such as sandboxing, updates, and Google Play Protect.

Versioning and ecosystem: Android versions have historically been named after desserts, though official branding after Android 10 uses numeric designations; nevertheless the legacy names remain in some contexts. The ecosystem centers on the Google Play Store, though devices may ship with alternative stores or without Google apps. Fragmentation and varying OEM customizations influence updates and feature availability.

Device reach and variants: Android runs on smartphones, tablets, TVs (Android TV), wearables (Wear OS), cars (Android Auto), and embedded devices. OEMs often ship customized user interfaces layered over Android. AOSP provides the open-source basis, while Google distributes proprietary apps and services.

Development and security: Android apps are developed mainly with Java or Kotlin using the Android SDK and Android Studio. Google provides ongoing security updates, monthly patches, and Play Protect scanning to safeguard devices. The platform supports multi-user profiles, app permissions, and evolving features in newer releases.