anafülaktilise

Anafilaktilise, also known as anaphylaxis, is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly after exposure to a trigger, often within minutes. It is characterized by a sudden drop in blood pressure, constriction of airways, and a severe drop in blood flow to vital organs, which can lead to shock and death if not treated promptly. The condition typically arises from the immune system's overreaction to substances perceived as harmful, such as certain foods, insect stings, medications, or latex.

Symptoms of anaphylaxis can vary widely but often include skin reactions such as hives or swelling, difficulty breathing or wheezing, a rapid pulse, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, a drop in blood pressure, dizziness or fainting, and anxiety or confusion. In severe cases, loss of consciousness or cardiac arrest may occur. The reaction can progress rapidly, making immediate medical intervention critical.

Diagnosis of anaphylaxis is primarily clinical, based on the presence of acute onset of symptoms involving the skin, mucosal tissue, or both, along with respiratory compromise or reduced blood pressure. Skin-prick or blood tests may be used afterward to identify specific triggers, but these are not typically performed during an acute episode due to the urgency of treatment.

Treatment focuses on rapid administration of epinephrine (adrenaline) via an auto-injector, such as an EpiPen, to counteract the severe allergic response. Additional measures may include oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and, in extreme cases, mechanical ventilation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Patients with a history of anaphylaxis are often prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector for self-administration in future exposures.

Prevention involves avoiding known allergens and carrying emergency medication when necessary. Public awareness campaigns and education on recognizing symptoms and administering epinephrine are essential for reducing mortality rates. Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical attention, and delayed treatment can lead to serious complications or death.