amyotrofických

Amyotrofických is a Czech adjective referring to amyotrophy, a form of muscle wasting caused by loss of nerve supply to the muscles. In medical usage, amyotrophy (amyotrofie) describes degenerative changes in skeletal muscle that follow denervation and disuse, rather than primary muscle disease alone. The term is commonly used to characterize signs seen in various neuromuscular disorders.

Pathophysiology and scope: Neurogenic muscle atrophy occurs when motor neurons or their axons are damaged, leading to reduced neural input to muscle fibers. This triggers decreased protein synthesis and muscle fiber atrophy, often with fiber type grouping and angular fibers visible on microscopic examination. Amyotrophic changes can be part of several conditions and are distinct from myopathic atrophy, which originates within the muscle itself.

Causes and associations: Amyotrophic features can accompany motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy, peripheral neuropathies, radiculopathies, isolated nerve injuries, and prolonged disuse or immobilization. Systemic illnesses and nutritional deficiencies can contribute to secondary, non-neurogenic atrophy as well, though the term amyotrophic emphasizes denervation as a key mechanism.

Clinical presentation: Patients typically show progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle bulk in affected regions. Reflexes may be reduced or absent, and fasciculations or cramps can occur. The pattern of involvement depends on the underlying cause, with distribution reflecting damaged motor units rather than a primary muscle pathology.

Diagnosis and management: Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment supported by electrophysiological studies (EMG and nerve conduction studies), imaging to identify structural causes, and laboratory tests to evaluate for systemic factors. Treatment targets the underlying disease and includes rehabilitative therapy, assistive devices, and supportive care; prognosis varies with etiology and extent of motor neuron loss.