allergology

Allergology is a medical specialty that studies, diagnoses, prevents, and treats allergic diseases. It deals with abnormal immune responses to otherwise harmless substances, including environmental allergens such as pollen and dust mites, foods, drugs, and venoms. Common allergic diseases encountered by allergists include allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, drug allergy, and anaphylaxis. The field integrates clinical evaluation with laboratory testing and immunologic assessments, often in coordinated care with pediatrics, dermatology, ENT, pulmonology, and immunology.

Diagnosis relies on a detailed history and physical examination, followed by objective tests such as skin prick or intradermal testing, serum-specific IgE measurements, and, when appropriate, component-resolved diagnostics. Food challenges and bronchial or nasal provocation tests may be used to confirm suspected allergies. Patch testing is used for contact dermatitis.

Management emphasizes trigger avoidance when possible, pharmacotherapy, and immunotherapy. Medications include antihistamines, intranasal and inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, bronchodilators, and, in some cases, systemic steroids. Allergen immunotherapy, delivered by injections or by sublingual drops or tablets, can modify disease course for selected inhalant and venom allergies. Epinephrine autoinjectors are essential for anaphylaxis management, with action plans and education for patients and caregivers.

Research in allergology covers pathophysiology, diagnostics, and therapies, including biologic agents targeting IgE or inflammatory pathways, and aims to personalize care and reduce disease burden.