alkóhól

Alkóhól, commonly known as ethanol or ethyl alcohol, is a chemical compound with the formula C₂H₅OH. It is a volatile, flammable liquid that is colorless and has a characteristic odor. Alkóhól is the primary alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, produced through the fermentation of sugars by yeast. It is also widely used as a solvent and disinfectant in various industries.

Ethanol is produced naturally during the fermentation process, where yeast converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The concentration of alcohol in beverages varies, with beer typically containing 3–6% alcohol by volume (ABV), wine around 12–14% ABV, and distilled spirits like whiskey or vodka often exceeding 40% ABV. The fermentation process can be influenced by factors such as temperature, yeast strain, and the type of sugars used.

Beyond its role in beverages, ethanol has numerous industrial applications. It is used as a fuel additive in gasoline blends, such as ethanol gasoline (E10 or E85), to reduce emissions and improve combustion efficiency. In medicine, ethanol is a common antiseptic for cleaning wounds and surfaces due to its ability to kill bacteria and viruses. It is also a key ingredient in many pharmaceutical preparations.

Ethanol is metabolized in the liver through a process involving enzymes like alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The body breaks down ethanol into acetaldehyde, a toxic intermediate, which is then further converted into acetate, eventually processed into carbon dioxide and water. Excessive consumption can lead to health issues, including liver damage, addiction, and other chronic conditions.

While ethanol is generally safe in moderation, its misuse can have serious consequences. Legal regulations govern its production, sale, and consumption in many countries to prevent abuse and ensure public safety. Proper handling and responsible use are essential to minimize risks associated with its consumption.