aivokalvontulehdus

Aivokalvontulehdus, known in English as meningitis, is an inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, collectively called the meninges. This condition can be caused by various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, as well as by non-infectious factors such as certain drugs or autoimmune diseases.

Bacterial meningitis is typically more severe and can lead to rapid neurological deterioration if not treated promptly. Common bacterial pathogens include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Viral meningitis tends to be less severe and often resolves without specific treatment, with enteroviruses being among the most common causative agents.

Symptoms of aivokalvontulehdus commonly include sudden onset of headache, fever, neck stiffness, sensitivity to light (photophobia), and altered mental status. Additional symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, seizures, and a rash in cases of meningococcal infection.

Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical presentation, supported by laboratory tests such as blood cultures and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis obtained through lumbar puncture. Laboratory findings in bacterial meningitis typically show elevated white blood cell count, increased protein levels, and decreased glucose in CSF samples.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Bacterial meningitis requires immediate administration of intravenous antibiotics and sometimes corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Viral meningitis often resolves with supportive care such as rest, hydration, and pain management. Prevention strategies include vaccination against common bacterial pathogens and public health measures to reduce transmission.

Prompt medical attention is crucial to prevent serious complications, including brain damage, hearing loss, or death.