airstrike

An airstrike is an aerial attack in which aircraft deliver munitions against land or maritime targets. It is typically executed by fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, or remotely piloted or autonomous drones, and may employ bombs, missiles, or other ordnance. Airstrikes can be planned operations against strategic targets, or rapid responses in close air support to assist ground forces.

Common types include precision airstrikes using guided munitions to hit specific points; area bombardment using unguided bombs; stand-off strikes launched from outside the target area; interdiction to disrupt enemy supply lines; and close air support that suppresses or neutralizes threats near friendly forces.

Development: airstrikes became a major component of modern warfare in the 20th century, with early efforts in World War I and expanded during World War II and later conflicts. In contemporary armed conflicts, air power is integrated with ground and maritime operations. Legal framework: under international humanitarian law, airstrikes must distinguish between military objectives and civilians, proportional to the military objective, and minimize civilian harm where feasible. Parties must take precautionary measures to reduce civilian casualties. Violations are addressed through international and domestic accountability mechanisms.

Airstrikes carry risks of civilian casualties and damage to civilian infrastructure, especially where targets are near civilian buildings or in densely populated areas. Misidentification and intelligence failures can lead to unintended harm, leading to political and humanitarian concerns. Advances such as precision-guided munitions and unmanned systems have increased accuracy but have not eliminated civilian risk.