agrivoltaic

Agrivoltaics, also called agrivoltaism or agrivoltaic farming, refers to the practice of using the same land area for solar photovoltaic power generation and agricultural production. The approach aims to increase land-use efficiency by combining energy and food or forage production on the same site.

In agrivoltaic systems, solar panels are elevated, spaced, or arranged in patterns that allow crops to receive sunlight while still producing electricity. This arrangement can reduce heat stress and water demand for certain crops, create shade for sensitive plants, and provide microclimates that may benefit some crops and grazing livestock. Arrays can be installed over fields, orchards, vineyards, pasture, or greenhouses, and designs may use fixed or tracking PV mounts.

Potential benefits include higher total output per hectare through dual use, potential stabilization of yields for select crops, reduced evaporative losses, and diversified farm income from electricity sales. Improved pollinator habitat and soil moisture management are cited in some cases.

Challenges include higher upfront costs and longer payback periods, the need for site-specific design to balance light availability with crop requirements, and ongoing maintenance. Economic viability depends on crop choice, climate, energy prices, and regulatory frameworks that govern land use, permits, and grid interconnection.

Interest in agrivoltaics has grown in several regions, including parts of Europe, North America, and Asia, with pilot projects and field studies examining crop performance, system configurations, and economic models. Results vary by crop type, climate, and management practices, and many projects emphasize the importance of co-design with farmers.