adultery

Adultery refers to voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone who is not their spouse. The term denotes a breach of the marital bond and from many cultural and legal perspectives is linked to the expectation of sexual exclusivity within marriage. Some discussions also consider emotional or romantic infidelity as related but distinct from the act of sexual intercourse.

Legal treatment of adultery varies widely by jurisdiction. In many modern legal systems it is not a criminal offense, although it can influence civil matters such as divorce proceedings, alimony, and asset division, particularly in fault-based regimes. Historically, adultery has been criminalized in various countries, with penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment; in most places these laws remain on the books but are rarely enforced. Courts typically focus on breach of trust rather than criminal punishment.

Social and cultural norms surrounding adultery have varied across time and place. Many societies have long tied fidelity to family legitimacy and social reputation, with stronger or gender-specific sanctions. Attitudes can be influenced by religion, tradition, and law, leading to different expectations for men and women and differing consequences for the parties involved.

Psychological and relational effects of adultery can be significant, including loss of trust, anger, and relationship distress. Some individuals pursue counseling, mediation, or reconciliation, while others proceed to separation or divorce. Public discussion often frames adultery as a moral failing, but it is primarily a personal and social phenomenon with legal and relational implications.

Historically, adultery has appeared in many legal and religious codes as a moral offense and social lever; contemporary discourse tends to treat it as a private matter with varying legal consequences.