infidelity

Infidelity refers to a violation of trust in a committed intimate relationship, typically through sexual activity outside the partnership. While most commonly defined as sexual relations outside marriage or a long-term relationship, some definitions also include emotional or romantic connections that undermine the primary bond. The term and its normative implications vary across cultures and legal contexts.

Types of infidelity commonly recognized include sexual infidelity (sexual activity with someone outside the relationship) and emotional infidelity (forming a deep emotional connection that threatens the partnership). With the rise of digital communication, online or cyber infidelity—developing intimate connections online or through messaging—has become a newer focus, sometimes occurring without in-person contact. Some researchers and couples distinguish these categories or consider combinations of both.

Causes are multifactorial and context-dependent. Contributing factors can include dissatisfaction with the relationship, unmet emotional or sexual needs, opportunity and situational triggers, individual personality traits, attachment styles, life stressors, and differences in values or goals. Infidelity often reflects broader dynamics within a relationship rather than sole personal failings.

Consequences commonly involve hurtful impacts on trust, self-esteem, and emotional well-being, with potential relationship dissolution or ongoing conflict. Recovery options include open communication, rebuilding trust, and professional interventions such as couples or individual therapy. Cultural norms, personal beliefs, and legal considerations about infidelity vary widely, influencing how it is perceived and addressed in different settings. Research on prevalence relies on self-reported data and definitions, which can affect comparability across studies.