adrenalfunctionoid

An adrenal functionoid, also known as an adrenal adenoma or adrenal cortical adenoma, is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney, and they play a crucial role in producing hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. Functionoids are typically small, well-encapsulated growths that can sometimes produce excessive amounts of hormones, leading to hormonal imbalances.

These tumors are generally asymptomatic unless they secrete hormones in excess. When they do cause symptoms, they may result in conditions such as Cushing’s syndrome (excess cortisol), primary hyperaldosteronism (excess aldosterone), or virilization or feminization (excess androgens or estrogens). Diagnosis often involves imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with blood and urine tests to measure hormone levels.

Treatment for adrenal functionoids typically involves surgical removal, particularly if they are causing hormonal imbalances or are large enough to warrant intervention. Most functionoids are benign, and surgery carries a good prognosis, with a low risk of recurrence. In some cases, particularly for small, non-functional tumors, a watchful waiting approach may be taken if the patient remains asymptomatic.

Complications are rare but can include hormonal imbalances, adrenal insufficiency if the tumor is removed without proper medical management, or, in very rare cases, malignant transformation (adrenocortical carcinoma). Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is recommended to monitor for recurrence or new symptoms.