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The abomasum is the fourth and final chamber of the stomach in ruminant animals, such as cows, sheep, goats, and deer. Unlike the simple stomachs of monogastric animals like humans or pigs, ruminants possess a four-chambered stomach that aids in the digestion of fibrous plant material. The abomasum is often referred to as the "true stomach" because it functions similarly to the stomach in non-ruminant animals, secreting digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins and kill bacteria.

Anatomically, the abomasum is located after the rumen, reticulum, and omasum in the digestive tract. It is a sac-like structure with a thick muscular wall that contracts to mix and propel partially digested food, known as chyme, into the small intestine. The abomasum plays a crucial role in protein digestion by secreting pepsin and other enzymes that further degrade proteins into peptides and amino acids.

The abomasum is also involved in acidification, as it produces hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment (pH ~2–4) necessary for enzymatic activity and microbial control. This acidic environment helps denature proteins, making them more accessible to digestive enzymes. Additionally, the abomasum absorbs certain minerals, such as calcium, iron, and copper, which are essential for the animal’s health.

Diseases affecting the abomasum, such as abomasitis (inflammation) or abomasal displacement (common in dairy cows), can severely impact an animal’s health and productivity. Conditions like abomasal ulcers or obstructions may require veterinary intervention, including medication, dietary adjustments, or surgical correction. Proper nutrition, stress management, and regular veterinary care are vital for maintaining the abomasum’s function and overall digestive health in ruminants.