Waterpollinating

Waterpollinating, or hydrophily, is a mode of plant reproduction in which pollen is dispersed by water and arrives at a receptive stigma to accomplish fertilization. It is most common among aquatic and semi-aquatic flowering plants and is relatively rare in terrestrial species.

There are two main forms of hydrophily. In ectohydrophily, pollen is released onto the surface of the water and is carried by currents to stigmas on floating or partially submerged flowers. In endohydrophily, pollen is released underwater and travels through the water to submerged stigmas, often requiring specialized pollen types or structures to remain viable and to reach the target tissues.

Adaptations associated with hydrophily include pollen that is smooth and lightweight, frequently produced in large quantities to offset losses in water, and stigmas that are positioned to intercept drifting pollen. Some species have flowers adapted to aquatic environments, with reduced petals and reproductive organs oriented for water-based contact rather than animal pollinators.

Examples of hydrophilous plants include water lilies (Nymphaeaceae) and pondweeds (Potamogetonaceae) in freshwater habitats, as well as certain seagrasses (Zosteraceae) in marine environments. Hydrophily is considered relatively rare among angiosperms and is viewed as an evolutionary adaptation to aquatic life where wind or animal pollinators are ineffective.

Ecological significance and limitations: while water can efficiently transport pollen over short to moderate distances, pollination success remains highly dependent on water quality, flow, and habitat stability. Pollution and turbidity can reduce pollen dispersal and fertilization rates.