Washers

Washers are small components used in two broad senses: as hardware and as household appliances, both serving distinct but important roles.

In mechanical applications, a washer is a flat, typically circular disk placed between a fastener (such as a bolt or nut) and a surface. The primary function is to distribute load over a larger area to prevent surface damage and to help control the clamping force. Washers also can act as spacers, reduce wear, or compensate for surface irregularities. Variants include plain washers (simple discs), lock washers (designed to resist loosening through teeth or split design), spring or wave washers (provide some elasticity), thrust washers (handle axial loads in rotating assemblies), and shoulder or shim washers (provide a built-in spacer or bearing surface). Materials range from carbon steel and stainless steel to brass, aluminum, and engineered polymers, chosen for strength, corrosion resistance, and compatibility with the application. Sizes are specified by inner diameter (matching the fastener shank), outer diameter, and thickness.

In household use, washers refer to dishwashing appliances that clean dishes and cookware. A typical dishwasher uses circulating jets of hot water, detergents, and heated drying to remove soil from surfaces. Machines vary from compact portable units to built-in models installed under kitchen counters. They operate through washing and rinsing cycles, with controls for temperature, duration, and energy use. Maintenance involves periodic cleaning of filters, checking seals, and ensuring proper loading to avoid water runoff and poor cleaning performance.

Overall, washers are versatile components found in mechanical assemblies and modern kitchens, chosen for their load distribution, spacing functions, or cleaning utility.