Vyavahara

Vyavahara is a Sanskrit term that broadly translates to conduct, behavior, custom, or practice. In Indian philosophical and legal traditions, it refers to the practical, worldly aspect of life and human actions. It encompasses the way individuals and communities behave, their social norms, and the established customs that govern their interactions.

Within the context of Hindu law, Vyavahara is a central concept, often discussed alongside Dharma (righteousness or duty). While Dharma represents the ideal or moral principles, Vyavahara deals with the practical application of these principles in everyday life and the legal framework that arises from them. It includes principles of justice, equity, and good conscience, which are applied to resolve disputes and maintain social order.

The term can also refer to a legal proceeding or a lawsuit. Ancient Indian legal texts, such as the Manusmriti and Naradasmriti, elaborate on the rules and procedures of Vyavahara, outlining the conduct expected of judges, parties involved in a dispute, and the various types of evidence and arguments that could be presented. These texts aim to ensure fair and just outcomes in worldly affairs.

In a more general sense, Vyavahara signifies the observable and actionable aspects of human existence, distinguishing it from purely philosophical or spiritual contemplation. It emphasizes the importance of correct conduct and the established ways of doing things in society.