Vout

Vout is the symbol commonly used in electronics to denote the output voltage of a circuit or device. Measured with respect to a reference node such as ground, Vout represents the signal or power that is delivered to subsequent stages or to a load. The exact value depends on circuit operation, component values, and the supply rails.

In operational amplifier circuits, Vout is controlled by feedback. For a simple inverting amplifier, Vout = - (Rf/Rin) · Vin, while for a non-inverting amplifier, Vout = (1 + Rf/Rin) · Vin. In voltage regulators and power converters, Vout is the regulated output voltage, often set by a resistor divider or internal reference, and specified with tolerance, line regulation, load regulation, and maximum current capability.

Practical considerations include the output impedance of the source, its ability to drive a load, and how Vout changes with input supply variations (line regulation) or changes in load (load regulation). In measurements, Vout is monitored with respect to ground using meters or oscilloscopes; in digital systems, Vout corresponds to logic high or low voltages. The concept is central across analog, mixed-signal, and power electronics, where Vout is a key parameter in transfer functions, system behavior, and interface design.