Verkalkte

Verkalkte is the participle form used in German to describe tissues or deposits that have undergone calcification. The verb verkalken means to become calcified, and verkalkte is commonly used adjectivally, for example verkalkte Arterien or verkalkte Herzklappe.

Causes and mechanisms: Calcification results from the deposition of calcium salts, often hydroxyapatite, in soft tissues. It can occur as dystrophic calcification in damaged or necrotic tissue with normal calcium levels, or as metastatic calcification in the context of elevated calcium or phosphate levels. Aging, chronic inflammation, tissue injury, and metabolic disorders such as chronic kidney disease or parathyroid dysfunction increase the risk.

Common contexts: Verkalkte vessels, including arteries, and heart valves are among the most clinically relevant examples, where calcification can reduce elasticity or impair function. Calcific tendinopathy affects tendons (notably the shoulder), and chondrocalcinosis describes calcification in cartilage. Kidney involvement can lead to nephrocalcinosis. In joints and soft tissues, symptoms range from asymptomatic to painful or functionally limiting.

Diagnosis and implications: Detection relies mainly on imaging—X-ray, CT or ultrasound can reveal calcifications, while MRI may help assess surrounding tissue. Laboratory tests may evaluate calcium and phosphate metabolism and kidney function to identify underlying causes.

Treatment and prognosis: Management depends on the affected tissue and symptoms. Asymptomatic cases may require observation, while symptomatic cases can involve analgesia, physical therapy, or procedures to remove deposits or replace affected valves. Controlling underlying metabolic disorders and risk factors is important for prevention and prognosis.