Veratrine

Veratrine is a naturally occurring alkaloid mixture derived from plants of the genus Veratrum, commonly known as false hellebore. The extract is associated with several Veratrum species, especially Veratrum album and Veratrum viride. Veratrine refers to a collection of related alkaloids, with veratridine being the principal active component.

Chemistry and composition: Veratrine is not a single compound but a mixture of alkaloids. The constituent alkaloids interact to produce pharmacological effects, with veratridine among the most prominent. The precise composition can vary depending on the plant source and extraction method.

Pharmacology: Veratrine acts on voltage-gated sodium channels, causing prolonged activation and delayed inactivation. This leads to sustained depolarization of nerve and muscle membranes, resulting in widespread excitation. Clinically, exposure can cause nausea, vomiting, salivation, diarrhea, rapid heart rate or irregularities, hypertension, and in severe cases seizures or coma. Because of its potency and toxicity, veratrine must be handled with caution.

Uses and history: Historically, mixtures containing veratrine were used in some traditional medicines in small doses and at times as emetics. They have also been employed as insecticides or in pest-control preparations. Modern medical use has declined due to toxicity and the availability of safer alternatives.

Safety and regulation: Veratrine is highly toxic, and ingestion or significant dermal exposure can be dangerous. Handling and manufacturing are subject to regulatory controls in many countries, and its use outside of regulated contexts is generally discouraged. Researchers and practitioners emphasize careful risk assessment and avoidance of unnecessary exposure.