Vanadiumdoped
Vanadium-doped refers to materials in which vanadium ions are deliberately introduced into a host lattice as a dopant to modify physical properties. Vanadium can occupy multiple oxidation states (V3+, V4+, V5+), influencing defect chemistry, charge compensation, and local electronic structure. Doping is commonly performed in oxide hosts and other wide-bandgap materials, including titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO2), gallium oxide (Ga2O3), and alumina (Al2O3), as well as ferrites and certain perovskites. Typical synthesis methods include solid-state reaction, sol–gel, hydrothermal processing, and thin-film techniques such as pulsed laser deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and sputtering. Dopant concentrations are usually kept at low levels (often sub-percent to a few percent) to minimize the formation of secondary phases and dopant clustering.
Effects on properties depend on the host and the vanadium valence state. Vanadium doping can introduce localized
Applications and challenges. Vanadium-doped materials are investigated for visible-light photocatalysis, environmental remediation, and sensing applications, as