Vaccaei

The Vaccaei were an ancient Celtic people who inhabited the Meseta Norte region of the Iberian Peninsula. Their territory was centered around the headwaters of the Duero River and included significant settlements like Cauca (modern Coca) and Pintia (modern Padilla de Duero). They are believed to have been part of the broader Celtiberian culture, though their specific linguistic and cultural affiliations are subjects of scholarly debate.

Historically, the Vaccaei are noted for their agricultural prowess and their fortified settlements, which suggest a degree of social organization and defense. They were known to be a proud and independent people, often in conflict with neighboring tribes and later, with the expanding Roman Republic.

The Vaccaei feature prominently in Roman accounts, particularly concerning the Numantine Wars. They were allies of the Numantines and participated in the resistance against Roman expansion in the 2nd century BCE. Roman historians like Polybius and Livy mention their involvement in battles and sieges. Following the Roman conquest of Hispania, the Vaccaei territory was integrated into the Roman province of Hispania Citerior. Their distinctive culture gradually Romanized over time, and eventually, their identity faded into the broader Roman provincial population. Archaeological evidence continues to shed light on their daily life, economy, and material culture.