Uskok

Uskoks were Croatian irregular fighters and pirates active mainly on the Adriatic coast in the 16th and early 17th centuries. The term refers to members of a loosely organized group formed by refugees and veterans from Dalmatia who fled Ottoman advances and settled in coastal towns such as Senj. With support from the Habsburgs, they organized a mobile, guerrilla-style force to defend borderlands and harass Ottoman and rival naval forces.

Their activities encompassed both defense and raiding. Uskoks conducted hit-and-run attacks against Ottoman ships and supply routes, as well as warfare against rival powers in the region, including the Republic of Venice. They operated from fortified coastal towns and used fast ships and small raiding parties to strike and disappear before counterattacks could be mounted. The practice of piracy and plunder led to tension with Venice, which depended on Adriatic trade and maritime security.

The prominence of the Uskoks helped provoke the Uskok War (approximately 1615–1618) between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice, which highlighted their role in broader Adriatic geopolitics. Following the conflict, Venetian and Habsburg authorities sought to curb unauthorized raiding, and over time Uskok power declined as state control and pacification efforts increased. In the long term, the term “uskok” came to denote irregular fighters or brigands in the region, with a lasting impact on the memory of border warfare in Croatian history.