Urolith

Urolith is a term used to describe a stone that forms within the urinary tract. These formations, commonly known as kidney stones or urinary calculi, can vary in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Uroliths are primarily composed of mineral salts and acids that aggregate in the kidneys. The most common types include calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones.

The formation of uroliths is influenced by several factors, including diet, hydration levels, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Insufficient fluid intake is a major contributor, as it concentrates urine, making it easier for minerals to crystallize. Diets high in certain substances, such as sodium, animal protein, and oxalate-rich foods, can also increase risk. Underlying medical issues like urinary tract infections, gout, hyperparathyroidism, and inflammatory bowel disease can also play a role.

Symptoms of urolithiasis, the condition of having urinary stones, depend on the stone's size, location, and ability to move. Small stones may pass without causing noticeable symptoms. Larger stones can obstruct urine flow, leading to severe pain in the flank or back, radiating to the lower abdomen and groin. Other common symptoms include blood in the urine (hematuria), frequent urination, painful urination (dysuria), nausea, and vomiting.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, urine tests to check for blood or infection, and imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasounds to locate the stone. Treatment strategies range from conservative measures like increased fluid intake and pain management for small stones to more invasive procedures for larger or problematic stones. These procedures include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy, which aim to break down or remove the stones. Prevention often involves dietary modifications, adequate hydration, and addressing any underlying medical conditions.