Uraemia

Uraemia is a clinical condition that arises from severe kidney dysfunction, often referred to as kidney failure. It is characterized by a buildup of waste products and toxins in the blood that the kidneys are no longer able to effectively filter out. These substances, primarily urea and other nitrogenous compounds, accumulate due to impaired glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption.

The symptoms of uraemia can be varied and often develop gradually, making early diagnosis challenging. Common signs include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Neurological symptoms such as confusion, lethargy, and even seizures can occur in more advanced stages. Skin changes, including itching and a pale or yellowish complexion, are also frequently observed.

The underlying causes of uraemia are typically chronic kidney diseases, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. Acute kidney injury can also lead to uraemia if it is severe and prolonged. Diagnosis is usually made through blood tests that measure levels of urea, creatinine, and electrolytes, along with an assessment of kidney function.

Treatment for uraemia focuses on managing the underlying cause of kidney failure and alleviating the symptoms of toxin accumulation. Dialysis, either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, is a common treatment to artificially filter the blood. In some cases, a kidney transplant may be considered. Dietary modifications and medications to manage complications like anemia and bone disease are also important components of care.