Untyped
Untyped refers to systems that do not assign or enforce a static type to data or expressions. In programming language theory, an untyped system imposes no compile-time or run-time type discipline, allowing values of any kind to be used interchangeably in most contexts. This flexibility can simplify language design and early prototyping but makes certain classes of errors possible only at runtime, such as applying a non-function as a function.
A canonical example is the untyped lambda calculus, a formal system introduced by Alonzo Church that includes
In practical programming, most languages employ some form of typing, whether statically, dynamically, or through gradual
Critics of untyped systems cite difficulties in proving program correctness, absence of safety guarantees, and challenges
See also: untyped lambda calculus; dynamic typing; type system; simply typed lambda calculus.