Tömegspektromos

Tömegspektromos (mass spectrometer) is an analytical instrument that measures the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions to identify and quantify chemical species. The technique relies on converting samples into gas-phase ions, separating these ions according to their m/z in a mass analyzer, and detecting them to generate a mass spectrum. The resulting data enable determination of molecular weight, structural information, and concentration for a wide range of substances. Mass spectrometry is widely used in chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, and clinical research.

A typical tömegspektromos includes an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector, all operated under high vacuum. The ion source ionizes the sample, the mass analyzer separates ions by their mass-to-charge ratio, and the detector records ion signals. A data system converts signals into a spectrum. Soft ionization methods, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), preserve molecular ions, whereas hard ionization like electron impact (EI) provides extensive fragmentation useful for structural analysis. Coupling with chromatography (LC-MS, GC-MS) enhances separation of complex mixtures.

Common mass analyzers include quadrupole, time-of-flight (TOF), ion trap, Orbitrap, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR). Resolution, accuracy, sensitivity, and dynamic range vary among platforms. High-resolution instruments can determine exact masses with small errors, aiding formula determination and isotope pattern analysis. Modern workflows emphasize quantification with internal standards and calibration.

Applications span proteomics, metabolomics, pharmaceutical analysis, environmental monitoring, and forensics. MALDI-TOF is widely used for microbial identification, while LC-MS methods enable targeted and untargeted analyses in complex samples. While highly versatile, mass spectrometry requires careful sample preparation, calibration, and data interpretation.