Turbosysteme

Turbosysteme are mechanical assemblies designed to increase the power output of internal combustion engines by forcing more air into the intake. A turbo system uses the energy in exhaust gases to drive a turbine that is connected to a compressor; the compressor increases the density of intake air, allowing more fuel to be burned efficiently. By delivering a higher air–fuel mixture, turbosysteme raise horsepower and torque, while enabling smaller engines to achieve greater performance and, in some cases, improved thermal efficiency.

Core components include a turbine wheel driven by exhaust, a compressor wheel that pressurizes incoming air, and a shaft that links the two. The assembly is housed in a single unit and may be complemented by charge air cooling, typically an intercooler, to reduce air temperature and increase density. Boost is controlled by a wastegate, a bypass valve, and, in modern engines, an electronic control unit and sometimes variable geometry. Designs vary from single-turbo to twin-turbo or sequential configurations to balance throttle response and peak power, with some using twin-scroll housings to improve efficiency.

History and applications: Turbosysteme were developed in the early 20th century and became widespread in aviation and, later, in automotive, marine, and industrial engines. Modern turbosystems are common in petrol and diesel engines, offering substantial power gains and potential fuel efficiency improvements at high loads. They also introduce challenges, such as turbo lag, higher thermal and mechanical stress, and greater system complexity, which are mitigated through advances in materials, control strategies, and cooling technologies.