Tunisie

Tunisie, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in North Africa with a Mediterranean coastline. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest and by Libya to the southeast; the northern and eastern coasts lie along the sea. The area covers about 163,610 square kilometers and the population is around 11 to 12 million. The capital and primary urban center is Tunis.

Tunisie is a unitary semi-presidential republic with a multi-party system and a unicameral parliament, the Assembly of the Representatives of the People. The country holds regular elections and operates under a constitutional framework established after the 2011 revolution, with a focus on civil liberties and political pluralism.

Historically, the region is known for ancient Carthage, later part of the Roman and Byzantine worlds, followed by Arab-Muslim conquest, Ottoman rule, and the French protectorate from 1881 until independence in 1956. Habib Bourguiba led post-colonial modernization, and the Jasmine Revolution of 2010–11 initiated a democratic transition, culminating in a 2014 constitution.

Geographically, Tunisia features coastal plains, the Atlas and Dorsal mountain ranges, and southern desert areas. The climate is Mediterranean along the coast and arid in the interior.

Economically, it has a diversified economy centered on tourism, agriculture (notably olives, citrus, and dates), mining (phosphate), and manufacturing. The service sector dominates and the country remains a regional hub for finance and industry, though unemployment and public debt pose ongoing challenges. Arabic is the official language; Tunisian Arabic is widely spoken and French is common in business and education. The population is predominantly Sunni Muslim, with Jewish communities in Djerba. UNESCO World Heritage sites include Carthage, Dougga, Kairouan, and the Medina of Tunis.