Tumoroperation

Tumor operation refers to surgical procedures designed to diagnose, remove, or reduce tumors, including benign or malignant neoplasms, as well as premalignant lesions. The operation may be an excision or debulking procedure, a biopsy for diagnosis, or a reconstruction following tumor removal. Techniques range from traditional open surgery to minimally invasive approaches such as laparoscopy or robotic-assisted surgery. In oncologic care, tumor operations are often integrated with preoperative planning and postoperative therapies.

Indications for a tumor operation include confirmed or suspected tumors that are resectable, cause symptoms or mass effect, or require tissue diagnosis. Goals can include complete tumor excision with negative margins, cytoreduction to enhance effectiveness of adjuvant therapies, relief of pain or obstruction, or preservation of function and appearance. Preoperative evaluation typically involves imaging, laboratory tests, and multidisciplinary discussion to assess resectability, risks, and the need for lymph node assessment or reconstruction.

Procedure and intraoperative considerations focus on safe exposure, complete removal with appropriate margins, hemostasis, and minimization of damage to surrounding structures. In cancers, sentinel lymph node biopsy or regional lymphadenectomy may be performed. Intraoperative pathology, such as frozen section analysis, can guide decisions.

Risks include bleeding, infection, anesthesia complications, damage to nearby organs or nerves, and, for cancer surgery, the possibility of incomplete resection or recurrence. Postoperative care covers pain control, wound and drain management, rehabilitation, and surveillance for complications or recurrence. Alternatives to surgery include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and diagnostic monitoring when intervention is not feasible or desired.