Trinitrotoluol

Trinitrotoluol, commonly known as TNT, is an organic explosive with the chemical formula C7H5N3O6 and IUPAC name 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. It appears as a pale yellow crystalline solid; it melts at about 80.35°C and detonates rapidly under confinement when subjected to a sufficient heat or shock.

TNT is produced by nitration of toluene with nitrating agents such as nitric and sulfuric acids, yielding the trinitro derivative. It was discovered in 1863 by German chemist Joseph Wilbrand while attempting to produce a dye, but its explosive properties were later recognized and it was adopted for military and industrial use.

In terms of performance, TNT has a detonation velocity around 6.8 km/s and forms a high-pressure shock wave when confined. It is relatively insensitive to friction and minor impact compared with some more powerful explosives, which makes it easier to handle in many applications. It can be melted and cast into molds for uniform distribution.

Uses and history: TNT has been a standard component in many explosive formulations, including military ordnance, mining, and demolition charges. It is used alone and as a component in mixtures such as Composition B and other composite explosives.

Safety and regulation: TNT is a controlled explosive substance due to its hazards. Handling requires specialized facilities, training, and compliance with safety and environmental regulations. Exposure is hazardous; environmental and health risks necessitate careful storage, transport, and disposal.