Triamcinolone

Triamcinolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid used for its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anti-pruritic effects. It is available in multiple formulations for different surfaces and indications, including topical creams and ointments, dental pastes, intralesional and intra-articular injections, and intranasal sprays. Brand names include Kenalog (injections), Aristocort (topical and sometimes systemic preparations), and Nasacort (nasal spray).

Mechanism of action centers on glucocorticoid activity: it inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators, reduces leukocyte migration and cytokine production, suppresses immune responses, and decreases capillary permeability. These effects help control redness, swelling, itching, and tissue damage associated with inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

Common medical uses encompass dermatology, otolaryngology, dentistry, and rheumatology. Topical formulations treat inflammatory dermatoses such as eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, and contact reactions. Intralesional and intra-articular injections are used for keloids, local inflammatory skin lesions, tendinopathies, bursitis, and osteoarthritis. The dental paste form is used for oral mucosal lesions and aphthous ulcers. Nasal spray formulations treat seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and other nasal inflammatory conditions. Historically, inhaled triamcinolone was used for asthma, but inhaled products are now less common in some markets.

Side effects vary by route and potency. Local adverse effects of topical forms include skin atrophy, striae, and telangiectasia; nasal sprays may cause irritation or epistaxis. Systemic risks increase with high potency or long-term use and include suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, weight gain, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and growth effects in children. Contraindications include active fungal infections and caution in pregnancy, infections, or in patients with diabetes or hypertension when used systemically.

Triamcinolone is typically available by prescription and requires medical supervision to balance benefits against potential adverse effects.