Transformatoru

Transformatoru is a term that can refer to the electrical device commonly known in English as a transformer, particularly in Romanian-language contexts where the definite form may be encountered. In general, a transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction, without changing the frequency of the alternating current.

A transformer typically consists of two or more windings, called primary and secondary, wound around a common magnetic core. When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding, a changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary winding. The relationship between the voltages is determined by the turns ratio of the windings, allowing the device to step voltage up or down while conserving power (minus losses). Transformers do not generate energy; they provide impedance transformation and voltage adjustment.

Key components include laminated iron or ferrite cores to guide the magnetic flux, windings made of copper or aluminum, insulation between coils, and a housing with cooling provisions. Common cooling methods include air, oil, or gas for larger units. Losses arise from core magnetization (hysteresis and eddy currents) and winding resistance, influencing efficiency, which for well-designed units is typically high.

Transformers are used across power generation and distribution networks, in industrial equipment, medical and audio devices, and many consumer electronics power supplies. Variants include power transformers for grid systems, distribution transformers for local networks, isolation transformers for safety, and autotransformers for a compact voltage adjustment with a single winding.

In Romanian and other languages, transformatoru-like forms may appear as part of the language's grammar; the standard term in English is transformer. See also transformer.