Transformace

Transformace, the Czech term for transformation, denotes change in form, structure, or function. The concept appears across fields and languages, often with field-specific nuances.

In mathematics, a transformation is a relation that assigns to each element of a set another element of the same or another set, often preserving some structure. Geometric transformations such as translations, rotations, reflections, and scalings move or reshape figures. Linear transformations are represented by matrices and preserve vector addition and scalar multiplication; coordinate changes are examples of affine and projective transformations.

In computer science and data processing, transformation refers to operations that convert data from one representation to another. Data transformation is central to ETL processes, data integration, and software pipelines. Functional programming often emphasizes pure transformations of data without side effects.

In biology and genetics, transformation denotes the uptake and expression of genetic material by a cell or organism, enabling genetic modification. In developmental biology and microbiology, transformation can describe morphological or phenotypic changes.

In physics, transformations relate measurements in different reference frames. Notable examples include Lorentz transformations in special relativity and unitary transformations in quantum mechanics. In engineering and signal processing, transforms such as the Fourier transform convert data between domains to analyze frequency content.

In business and social sciences, transformation describes large-scale change in organizations, economies, or societies, often driven by technology, policy, or culture. Digital transformation, for instance, refers to integrating digital technologies into all areas of an organization.