Thetes

Thetes were a social class in ancient Athens, ranking at the bottom of the citizen hierarchy. They were distinguished by their lack of wealth, particularly their inability to afford a horse, which was a prerequisite for service in the Athenian cavalry. Thetes primarily engaged in manual labor, working as craftsmen, sailors, or agricultural laborers. Their economic status meant they did not own land or significant property.

Despite their low social standing, thetes played a crucial role in Athenian society, especially during the Classical period. Their participation as rowers in the Athenian navy was vital to Athens' military and imperial power. This contribution gave them a degree of political leverage, as their votes became increasingly important in the Athenian democracy. Thetes were eligible to participate in the Assembly and serve on juries, though their influence was often limited by their economic dependence.

The reforms of Solon in the early 6th century BCE are credited with formally establishing the thetes as a distinct social and political class. Later reforms, particularly those attributed to Cleisthenes, further integrated them into the democratic system. While still the poorest citizens, thetes were recognized as Athenian citizens with rights and responsibilities, their labor and military service contributing significantly to the functioning of the Athenian state.