Tetanuusiigu

Tetanuusiigu, commonly known as tetanus, is a serious bacterial infection caused by the toxin produced by *Clostridium tetani*, an anaerobic bacterium. The disease primarily affects the nervous system, leading to muscle spasms and lockjaw, which is the characteristic stiffening of the jaw muscles. Tetanus is not contagious and spreads through spores found in soil, dust, and animal feces. These spores enter the body through deep wounds, burns, crush injuries, or even minor cuts, particularly if the wound is contaminated with dirt or manure.

Symptoms typically begin within 3 to 21 days after exposure, though this can vary. Early signs include muscle stiffness, particularly in the jaw and neck, followed by generalized spasms that can affect the entire body. Severe cases may lead to difficulty swallowing, breathing difficulties, and even death due to respiratory failure. Risk factors include untreated wounds, poor wound care, intravenous drug use, and lack of immunization.

Prevention relies heavily on vaccination. The tetanus toxoid vaccine, often administered as part of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) or tetanus-diphtheria (Td) shots, stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against the toxin. Booster shots are recommended every 10 years for adults. For unvaccinated individuals with a deep or dirty wound, a tetanus immune globulin (TIG) may be administered alongside the vaccine to provide immediate protection.

Treatment focuses on controlling muscle spasms and supporting vital functions. Hospitalization is often necessary, with patients receiving muscle relaxants, antibiotics to kill the bacteria, and respiratory support if needed. Proper wound care, including cleaning and debridement, is also critical in reducing the risk of infection. While tetanus remains a preventable disease, it remains a significant health concern in regions with limited access to vaccination and medical care.