Tetanusprofylaxe

Tetanus prophylaxis refers to the measures taken to prevent tetanus, a potentially life‑threatening disease caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani. Prevention relies on vaccination with tetanus toxoid–containing vaccines and on proper wound management, with passive immunization in select exposure situations.

Vaccination is the core of tetanus prophylaxis. The vaccine is a tetanus toxoid–containing preparation. In childhood, a primary series of four to five doses (commonly given as DTaP or an equivalent) builds protection. After the initial series, boosters are given regularly as Td or Tdap, typically every 10 years. Tdap is used as a booster in adolescence and adulthood and is recommended during each pregnancy to provide protection for the newborn. Vaccination is generally safe; adverse events are usually mild and local.

Post‑exposure prophylaxis depends on vaccination history and wound type. In individuals with a clean, minor wound and up‑to‑date vaccination, a booster is often unnecessary. For dirty or contaminated wounds or if vaccination status is unknown or incomplete, clinicians typically administer a tetanus toxoid–containing vaccine booster and may provide tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) to offer immediate passive protection, particularly for those with uncertain or inadequate vaccination. Wound care—thorough cleaning, debridement, and appropriate antibiotic therapy when indicated—is an essential component of prophylaxis.

Special considerations include vaccination during pregnancy, where Tdap is recommended in each pregnancy to protect the newborn. Globally, tetanus prophylaxis contributes to the control and prevention of tetanus, including efforts to reduce neonatal tetanus through maternal vaccination and safe delivery practices.