Tetanisk

Tetanisk is an adjectival term used in some languages to describe things related to tetanus or to tetany. In English, the corresponding terms are tetanic or tetany, and tetanism is rarely used. The word under discussion is therefore a linguistic label applied to conditions or phenomena associated with tetanus or with tetanic muscle activity.

Tetanus is an acute infectious disease caused by the toxin tetanospasmin produced by Clostridium tetani, typically entering the body through a wound. The toxin disrupts the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, leading to unopposed excitatory signaling. This produces increased muscle tone and painful muscle contractions rather than weakness.

Clinical features depend on the form and severity. Generalized tetanus is most common and presents with trismus (lockjaw), rigidity of the neck and trunk, painful spasms, elevated heart rate, sweating, and difficulties with swallowing. The spasms can be intense and may cause autonomic instability. Neonatal tetanus and localized tetanus are also described variants, particularly in settings with limited vaccination coverage.

Diagnosis is clinical, supported by history of wound exposure and vaccination status. Prevention hinges on vaccination with the tetanus toxoid-containing vaccines (usually in combination vaccines) and on proper wound care. Treatment involves wound debridement, antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria, and administration of tetanus immune globulin when indicated. Supportive care, including airway management and sedation or muscle relaxation, is crucial.

Prognosis improves with prompt recognition and treatment, and is strongly influenced by vaccination status and access to intensive supportive care.