Testosteroon

Testosteroon is a term sometimes used to refer to testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, though it is not the standard scientific name. In many contexts it may reflect a transliteration or misspelling of testosterone. This article concerns the hormone itself and its overview, not a distinct compound.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone produced mainly by the Leydig cells in the testes of males, with small amounts synthesized in the adrenal glands in both sexes. Its production is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates luteinizing hormone release from the pituitary, which in turn drives testosterone synthesis.

Physiologically, testosterone supports the development of male reproductive organs before birth, drives the growth of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty (such as increased muscle mass, facial and body hair, deepened voice), and helps maintain bone density, red blood cell production, libido, and energy levels. In women, testosterone is produced in smaller amounts and contributes to ovarian function and overall health.

Clinically, testosterone or its esters are used in testosterone replacement therapy for men with hypogonadism or delayed puberty. It can be administered via intramuscular injections, transdermal gels or patches, topical applications, or implanted pellets. Some forms have restricted use due to potential liver effects, cardiovascular risks, and hormone-related side effects. In sports, exogenous testosterone is regulated or prohibited as a performance-enhancing substance.

Common adverse effects include acne, hepatotoxicity with certain formulations, erythrocytosis, mood changes, and, in some cases, prostate symptoms or gynecomastia. Proper monitoring by healthcare providers is advised to manage benefits and risks.