Terrorists

Terrorism refers to the use or threat of violence by individuals or groups aimed at civilians or noncombatants to influence political, religious, or ideological objectives. The term is contested and definitions vary across legal regimes and scholarly literature; some define it by the targets and methods (unlawful violence against civilians), while others emphasize the political purpose or the designation by authorities. In practice, acts of terrorism may include bombings, shootings, hijackings, kidnappings, or cyberattacks, often combined with propaganda to amplify fear and draw attention to a cause.

Actors can be individuals acting alone as lone attackers or organized groups, including religious, nationalist, separatist, or ideological movements. Non-state actors predominate in modern terrorism, though some states have supported or used terrorist tactics. Many groups self-identify as liberation or resistance movements, while opponents label them as terrorists. Motivations are diverse and may include perceived oppression, ambitions for sovereignty, or attempts to compel policy changes.

Counterterrorism involves investigations, legal prosecutions, and measures to disrupt financing and recruitment. International and domestic laws, including designation of terrorist organizations, guide policy; civil liberties, human rights, and due process concerns are an ongoing consideration. The term remains controversial, as labeling an actor as “terrorist” can affect political discourse and may reflect power dynamics. Scholarship emphasizes that addressing underlying grievances and preventing radicalization is as important as responding to violent acts.