Telecom

Telecom, short for telecommunications, encompasses the transmission of information over distances using electrical, optical, radio, or other signaling technologies. It includes voice communication, data transfer, video conferencing, and messaging, delivered through networks that connect people and devices worldwide.

Networks are built from infrastructure such as copper or fiber-optic cables, wireless radio access networks, satellites, and data centers. Core components include switching and signaling systems, transmission media, and end-user equipment. Data travels using standardized protocols and interfaces, notably the Internet Protocol (IP) for data, and various signaling mechanisms for voice and multimedia. Global standards are developed by organizations such as the ITU, IEEE, ETSI, and 3GPP.

Major categories include fixed telecommunication networks (PSTN, broadband), wireless networks (cellular networks like 5G), and satellite communications. Services include traditional telephony, mobile telecommunications, broadband internet, and value-added services such as messaging, cloud services, and video streaming.

History covers the emergence of telegraph and telephone in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the development of circuit-switched networks, the transition to packet-switching with data networks, and the rise of mobile networks in the late 20th century. Fiber-optic and broadband technologies expanded capacity, while newer generations such as 5G aim for ultra-low latency and extensive device connectivity.

Regulation involves spectrum allocation, competition policy, universal service obligations, and privacy and security rules. The telecom sector faces challenges such as digital divides, debates over network neutrality, and cybersecurity concerns. Global connectivity remains uneven, with ongoing investment required to extend reliable services to underserved regions.