Sylkirauhasten

Sylkirauhasten, or salivary glands, are the organs responsible for producing saliva in humans. The major salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, while numerous minor salivary glands are distributed throughout the oral mucosa of the lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue. Each major gland drains saliva through a distinct duct system: the parotid via Stensen's duct to the upper second molar region, the submandibular via Wharton's duct to the floor of the mouth, and the sublingual via multiple small ducts, including Bartholin's ducts, into the floor of the mouth.

Saliva serves several essential functions. It lubricates the oral cavity, aids swallowing, and begins digestion through enzymes such as salivary amylase. It buffers acids, helps protect teeth and mucosa, and contains antimicrobial components like lysozyme and immunoglobulins. Secretion is stimulated primarily by parasympathetic activity, producing a watery, enzyme-rich saliva, while sympathetic input can alter composition and volume.

Anatomy and development: The parotid gland lies near the ear and is the largest; the submandibular gland sits beneath the mandible; the sublingual gland is under the tongue. Embryologically, major glands arise from different germ layers, with the parotid from ectoderm and the submandibular and sublingual glands from endoderm. Minor glands are scattered in mucosa and contribute to baseline saliva.

Clinical relevance: Common disorders include sialadenitis (inflammation, often infectious), sialolithiasis (stones in ducts, especially the submandibular), and tumors such as pleomorphic adenoma. Reduced saliva production leads to xerostomia and higher risk of dental caries; several medications and systemic diseases can cause dry mouth.