Supersümmeetria

Supersümmeetria, often abbreviated as SUSY, is a theoretical symmetry that relates two fundamental classes of particles: bosons and fermions. In the Standard Model of particle physics, these two types of particles are distinct and do not share any underlying symmetry. Supersümmeetria proposes that for every known particle, there exists a corresponding "superpartner" with a different spin. For instance, if supersümmeetria holds true, every fermion (like electrons and quarks) would have a bosonic superpartner, and every boson (like photons and Higgs bosons) would have a fermionic superpartner. These hypothetical superpartners are often denoted with an 's' prefix for bosonic superpartners of fermions (e.g., selectron for electron) and a 'ino' suffix for fermionic superpartners of bosons (e.g., photino for photon).

The concept of supersümmeetria was first introduced in the early 1970s. Its primary motivation is to address several theoretical issues within the Standard Model, such as the hierarchy problem, which questions why the Higgs boson is so much lighter than the Planck scale. Supersümmeetria can help stabilize the Higgs mass by providing cancellations between bosonic and fermionic contributions to its self-energy. It also offers potential solutions for dark matter, as some of the lightest superpartners could be stable and interact weakly, fitting the observed properties of dark matter.

Despite its theoretical appeal, supersümmeetria has not yet been experimentally verified. Extensive searches for superpartners have been conducted at particle accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), but no conclusive evidence has been found to date. The lack of direct detection of superpartners has led to constraints on the possible masses and properties of these hypothetical particles. However, supersümmeetria remains an active area of research in theoretical physics, and its potential implications for unifying forces and understanding the fundamental structure of the universe continue to be explored.